RIGHTS TO EDUCATION

PENGAWAL PENJARA GUANTANAMO BAY MEMELUK ISLAM

Terry Holdbrooks (29) adalah bekas pengawal penjara yang bertugas di kem tahanan "pengganas" di Guantanamo Bay. Semasa bertugas sebagai pengawal penjara tentera ini, beliau seorang athiest yang percaya kesemua agama di dunia ini adalah kejam dan jahat. Ini semuanya berubah selepas beliau bertugas di Gitmo.

Terry bertugas selalunya pada shift malam. Kerana kebosanan beliau mula berbual dengan banduan yang ditangkap. Beliau sering berbual dengan seorang banduan bernama Ahmed Errachidi yang berasal dari Ethiopia. Perbualan tentang agama antara mereka berdua membawa kepada terbukanya hanti Terry untuk memeluk agama Islam pada tahun 2003. Beliau mengucap syahadah di hadapan beberapa orang banduan dan secara serta merta kehidupan beliau berubah. Terry mula kehilangan rakan dan dicemuh pengawal penjara yang lain. Beliau juga dituduh sebagai PEMBELOT kerana memeluk agama "ganas" Islam. Selepas berhenti berkhidmat kepada tentera beliau kembali semula ke Amerika Syarikat.

Di Amerika beliau mula menjadi seorang pemabuk dan mengambil dadah. Ini adalah kerana beliau mahu melupakan apa yang beliau lihat sepanjang beliau bertugas di Gitmo. Menurut Terry lagi beliau melihat banduan diseksa dengan teruk sekali. Ada banduan yang dipaksa berdiri sambil tangan digari selama 8 jam berturut-turut sehingga terbuang air besar. Beliau melihat muka banduan dicalit dengan darah haid serta banduan bogel disimbah air di dalam bilik dengan penghawa dingin pada tahap maksimum.

Kerana tidak mahu meneruskan hidup yang tidak tentu arah beliau berubah untuk menjadi seorang muslim sejati. Beliau berhenti meminum minuman keras dan mengambil dadah. Terry menulis sebuah buku bertajuk "TRAITOR" yang menceritakan pengalaman beliau bekerja sebagai pengawal penjara di Gitmo dan hijrah beliau menjadi seorang muslim. Kini beliau berusaha untuk memaksa Presiden Obama menutup kem tahanan Gitmo yang pada hemat beliau melanggar hak asasi manusia dan tidak langsung menepati ideal Amerika Syarikat yang mengutamakan kebebasan dan hak saksama antara manusia. Obama pernah berjanji pada tahun 2008 untuk menutup Gitmo jika memenangi pilihanraya presiden. Janji tidak ditepai kini masa menjawab kepada Terry.

Apabila ditemuramah mengapa beliau memeluk Islam, Terry Holdbrooks berkata;

“I had all the freedom in the world,But I was waking up unhappy while these men were in cages, smiling and praying five times a day.

p/s: sumber Pen Patah Blog [Retrieved: 22 June 2013]

AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL

Amnesty International (commonly known as Amnesty and AI) is a non-governmental organisation focused on human rights with over 3 million members and supporters around the world. The objective of the organisation is "to conduct research and generate action to prevent and end grave abuses of human rights, and to demand justice for those whose rights have been violated."

Amnesty International was founded in London in 1961, following the publication of the article "The Forgotten Prisoners" in The Observer 28 May 1961, by the lawyer Peter Benenson. Amnesty draws attention to human rights abuses and campaigns for compliance with international laws and standards. It works to mobilise public opinion to put pressure on governments that let abuse take place. The organisation was awarded the 1977 Nobel Peace Prize for its "campaign against torture," and the United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights in 1978.

In the field of international human rights organisations, Amnesty has the longest history and broadest name recognition, and "is believed by many to set standards for the movement as a whole."

Amnesty International primarily targets governments, but also reports on non-governmental bodies and private individuals ("non-state actors").
There are six key areas which Amnesty deals with:

• Women's, children's, minorities' and indigenous rights
• Ending torture
• Abolition of the death penalty
• Rights of refugees
• Rights of prisoners of conscience
• Protection of human dignity 

Some specific aims are to: abolish the death penalty, end extra judicial executions and "disappearances," ensure prison conditions meet international human rights standards, ensure prompt and fair trial for all political prisoners, ensure free education to all children worldwide, decriminalise abortion, fight impunity from systems of justice, end the recruitment and use of child soldiers, free all prisoners of conscience, promote economic, social and cultural rights for marginalised communities, protect human rights defenders, promote religious tolerance, protect LGBT rights, stop torture and ill-treatment, stop unlawful killings in armed conflict, uphold the rights of refugees, migrants, and asylum seekers, and protect human dignity.

Americas: Decriminalize Personal Use of Drugs

(Antigua) – National drug control policies that impose criminal penalties for personal drug use undermine basic human rights, Human Rights Watch said today. To deter harmful drug use, governments should rely instead on non-penal regulatory and public health policies. The 43rd General Assembly of the Organization of American States, taking place in Antigua, Guatemala from June 4 to 6, 2013, will focus on drug control policy in the Americas.

Governments should also take steps to reduce the human rights costs of current drug production and distribution policies, Human Rights Watch said. Among the steps should be reforming law enforcement practices and exploring alternatives for legal regulation that would reduce the power of violent criminal groups.

“The ‘drug war’ has taken a huge toll in the Americas, from the carnage of brutal drug-trafficking organizations to the egregious abuses by security forces fighting them,” said José Miguel Vivanco, Americas director at Human Rights Watch. “Governments should find new policies to address the harm drug use causes while curbing the violence and abuse that have plagued the current approach.”

Personal Use of Drugs
Subjecting people to criminal sanctions for the personal use of drugs, or for possession of drugs for personal use, infringes on their autonomy and right to privacy, Human Rights Watch said. The right to privacy is broadly recognized under international law, including in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the American Convention on Human Rights. Limitations on autonomy and privacy cannot be justified unless they meet the criteria for any restriction of a basic right, namely legitimate purpose, proportionality, necessity, and non-discrimination.

While protecting health is a legitimate government purpose, criminalizing drug use to protect people from harming themselves does not meet the criteria of necessity or proportionality. Governments have many non-penal options to reduce harm to people who use drugs, including offering substance abuse treatment and social support.

Human Rights Watch research around the world has found that the criminalization of drug use has undermined the right to health. Fear of criminal penalties deters people who use drugs from using health services and treatment, and increases their risk of violence, discrimination, and serious illness. Criminal prohibitions have also impeded the use of drugs for legitimate medical research, and have prevented patients from accessing drugs for palliative care and pain treatment.

“There are many steps that governments can and should take to deter, prevent and remedy the harmful use of drugs,” Vivanco said. “But they shouldn’t do it by punishing the people whose health they are trying to protect.”

Governments have a legitimate interest in protecting third parties from harm resulting from drug use, such as driving under the influence, Human Rights Watch said. They may impose, consistent with human rights, proportionate criminal penalties on behavior that occurs in conjunction with drug use if that behavior causes or seriously risks harm to others.

With respect to drug use by children, governments have obligations to take appropriate legislative, administrative, social, and educational measures to protect children from the illicit use of drugs. Governments should not impose criminal penalties on children for drug use or possession, Human Rights Watch said.

“When someone under the influence of drugs does something that could harm others, whether it’s driving a car or endangering a child through neglect, criminal sanctions may be entirely appropriate, just as they are when people use alcohol in a way that endangers others,” said Vivanco. “However, the penalty is not for drug use alone but for engaging in activity that could endanger others while under the influence of drugs.”

Drug Production and Distribution
The enforcement of criminal laws on drug production and distribution in the Americas and elsewhere in the world has resulted, directly or indirectly, in serious and sometimes widespread and systematic human rights violations, Human Rights Watch said.

The criminalization of drug production and distribution has increased the profitability of illicit drug markets. That has in turn fueled the growth and operations of groups – including paramilitaries and guerrillas in Colombia and organized crime in Mexico – that commit atrocities, undermine public security, and weaken the rule of law.

In Mexico, more than 70,000 people were killed in drug-related violence during the six-year term of former president Felipe Calderón, who deployed the military to fight a “war on drugs.” Abuses by state security forces increased dramatically during this time. For example, Human Rights Watch documented more than 150 cases in which evidence indicates that soldiers and police participated in enforced disappearances.

In Colombia, Human Rights Watch documented how, for decades armed groups were heavily financed by drug trafficking, and, in some cases motivated by profits from the drug trade, committed widespread abuses, including massacres, torture, sexual violence, and forced displacement. Paramilitaries and other drug-trafficking groups have also undermined the rule of law through widespread corruption and intimidation of government officials.

In Brazil, Human Rights Watch has documented how members of police forces in Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo have responded to violence by well-armed, drug-trafficking gangs by resorting to so-called resistance killings, in which police commit extrajudicial executions and then falsely report them as acts of self-defense.

In the United States, Human Rights Watch has documented unwarranted and often dramatic racial disparities in drug law enforcement, which violate fundamental human rights principles of justice and equal protection of the law. Grossly disproportionate sentences imposed under US federal and state laws for drug offenses have had a harmful impact.

International Drug Conventions
International drug conventions should be interpreted and, where necessary, revised to ensure that they do not prohibit or discourage governments from adopting policies that would enable them to reduce the human rights costs of current policies, Human Rights Watch said.

More than 95 percent of United Nations member countries are parties to the three core drug treaties, which oblige governments to make the possession, purchase or cultivation of drugs for personal consumption a criminal offense.

Although the treaties offer some latitude for interpretation, the International Narcotics Control Board, which monitors compliance, has reprimanded countries that have taken steps toward decriminalization.

Human Rights Watch recognizes that reform of existing strategies for drug control may raise legitimate concerns about unintended social or health costs, such as a significant increase in drug abuse. Governments should carry out their reforms based upon evidence of effective ways to reduce the harm to others that can accompany drug use and drug control.

“Given the violence and abuse associated with existing drug policies, it is critically important for governments not to be constrained from exploring new approaches,” Vivanco said.

WHAT IS HUMAN RIGHTS ???

30 ARTICLES OF HUMAN RIGHTS

Here, the story of articles of human rights. There are 30 articles of human rights that we need and have to know =)

WHERE IS THEIR RIGHT ???

Child labor refers to the employment of children in any work which denied their childhood. This thing has been bothering the children to get the education they were entitled. This is also one of the forms of abuse against children both physically and mentally. This practice is considered exploitative by many international organizations. Law around the world prohibit child labor. Poverty is one of the things that cause this thing happen. In developing countries, the high level of poverty makes them unable to meet the cost of education.

International Labour Organisation (ILO) suggests poverty is the greatest single cause behind child labor. For impoverished households, income from a child's work is usually crucial for his or her own survival or for that of the household.

In many cultures, particular where informal economy and small household businesses thrive, the cultural tradition is that children follow in their parents' footsteps, child labor then is a means to learn and practice that trade from a very early age. Similarly, in many cultures the education of girls is less valued or girls are simply not expected to need formal schooling, and these girls pushed into child labor such as providing domestic services.

The United Nations adopted the Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1990, which was subsequently ratified by 193 countries. Article 32 of the convention addressed child labor, as follows:

"Parties recognize the right of the child to be protected from economic exploitation and from performing any work that is likely to be hazardous or to interfere with the child's education, or to be harmful to the child's health or physical, mental, spiritual, moral or social development"

Under Article 1 of the 1990 Convention, a child is defined as "every human being below the age of eighteen years unless, under the law applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier." Article 28 of this Convention requires States to, "make primary education compulsory and available free to all." Three countries that have not ratified the 1990 Convention are Somalia, South Sudan and the United States.

Young girl working on a loom in Aït Benhaddou, Morocco in May 2008.

Nepali girls working in brick factory.

Child maid servant in India. Child domestic workers are common in India.

Child labor in a coal mine, United States, c. 1912. Photograph by Lewis Hine.

Children engaged in diamond mining in Sierra Leone.

TRAIN ATTACKED

This event does not follow Article 18: Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance.

On 27th of February 2002, in the Indian city of Godhra, Gujarat, a Muslim crowd attacked a train filled with Hindu activists, firing two cars, and killing 27 persons. The event triggered a violent spiral of religious revenge and four days later, 2,000 Muslims were killed, their houses, mosques and trades destroyed and hundreds of women raped and mutilated before the members of their families. Later investigations revealed that the attacks had been planned and done with the mutual approval and collaboration of the local authorities. 

Religious intolerance has been signaled in Afghanistan, Algeria, Brazil, Burundi, Colombia, Ethiopia, Indonesia, Liberia, Nigeria, many countries of the Middle East, Congo, Russia, Uganda, China (see the Muslims of Xinjiang) and others. 

END CHILD MARRIAGE IN SUDAN

(Juba) – The government of South Sudan should increase efforts to protect girls from child marriage, Human Rights Watch said in a report released today, on the eve of International Women’s Day. The country’s widespread child marriage exacerbates South Sudan’s pronounced gender gaps in school enrollment, contributes to soaring maternal mortality rates, and violates the right of girls to be free from violence, and to marry only when they are able and willing to give their free consent.

According to government statistics, close to half (48 percent) of South Sudanese girls between 15 and 19 are married, with some marrying as young as age 12.

The 95-page report, “‘This Old Man Can Feed Us, You Will Marry Him:’ Child and Forced Marriage in South Sudan,” documents the consequences of child marriage, the near total lack of protection for victims who try to resist marriage or leave abusive marriages, and the many obstacles they face in accessing mechanisms of redress. It is based on interviews with 87 girls and women in Central Equatoria, Western Equatoria, and Jonglei states, as well as with government officials, traditional leaders, health care workers, legal and women’s rights experts, teachers, prison officials, and representatives of nongovernmental organizations, the United Nations, and donor organizations.

“Girls who have the courage to refuse early marriages are in dire need of protection, support, and education,” said Liesl Gerntholtz, women’s rights director at Human Rights Watch. “The South Sudan government must make sure that there is a coordinated government response to cases of child marriage and more training for police and prosecutors on the right of girls to protection.”

Girls told Human Rights Watch of being pressured to marry by family members anxious to receive dowry payments, or because they were suspected of pre-marital sex. One girl, Ageer M. told Human Rights Watch, “I refused him but they beat me badly and took me by force to him. The man forced me to have sex with him so I had to stay there.” Few girls in South Sudan know they have the right to seek help, while girls who try to resist early and forced marriages suffer brutal consequences at the hands of their families – including verbal abuse and physical assault, and sometimes even murder.

The Human Rights Watch report tells the story of a 17-year-old girl studying in Lakes State whose father tried to force her to marry an old man who had offered a dowry of 200 cows to her family. The girl refused and said, “I don’t know this man. I have never spoken to him, and he is not my age.” The girl was taken to a nearby forest, tied to a tree and beaten until she died.

The report recommends that the government clearly set 18 as the minimum age for marriage; ratify the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), the Convention on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (CRC), and other human rights treaties; and pass comprehensive family legislation on marriage, separation, and divorce.

Child marriage disrupts or ends a girl’s education, increases her risk of violence and abuse, and jeopardizes her health. Failure to combat child marriage is also likely to have serious implications for the future development of South Sudan, Human Rights Watch said. It constrains the education, health, security, and economic progress of women and girls, their families, and their communities.

“Child marriage frequently interrupts girls’ education – or deprives them of it altogether,” Gerntholtz said.

Girls and women interviewed said that dreams of continuing school to become accountants, teachers, or doctors were cut short when they married. Those who dropped out of school found it difficult to continue after marriage or becoming pregnant. Government statistics for 2011 show that only 39 percent of primary school students and 30 percent of secondary students are female.

Child marriage also puts girls at greater risk of death or ill-health because of early pregnancy and childbirth. Reproductive health studies show that young women face greater risks in pregnancy and child birth than older women, including life-threatening obstructed labour due to their smaller pelvises and immature bodies – problems accentuated by South Sudan’s limited prenatal and postnatal healthcare services. Human Rights Watch called on the South Sudanese government, with the support of its development partners, to:

• Develop and implement a comprehensive national action plan to prevent and address the consequences of child marriage;
• Develop and implement guidelines on how national and state level government ministries and agencies should handle child marriage cases;
• Conduct training for relevant government and law enforcement officials about the legal rights of girls under the Child Act, particularly their right to be protected from child marriage;
• Carry out a nationwide awareness-raising campaign to inform the public about the harms caused by child marriage;
• Work toward comprehensive reform of South Sudan’s laws on marriage, separation, divorce, and related matters; and
• Take programmatic and policy measures to ensure that girls and women who seek help to fight forced marriages can receive it. 

Worldwide, some 14 million girls are married before their 18th birthday every year. A 2012 report by UNICEF shows that around one in three women aged 20-24 years were married before they reached 18 years of age, and around 11 percent entered into marriage before 15 years of age. Child marriage occurs in practically every region of the world but occurs at higher rates in South Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, and Latin America and the Caribbean.

“The global problem of child marriage strips women and girls of their livelihoods and creates a high risk of violence,” Gerntholtz said.  “South Sudan’s government must make good on its pledges of gender equality by putting human rights of women and girls at the heart of its development agenda.”

source: http://www.hrw.org/news/2013/03/07/south-sudan-end-widespread-child-marriage [Retrieved: 23 May 2013)

UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS (UDHR)

Perisytiharan Hak Asasi Manusia Sejagat atau Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) ialah satu pengisytiharan makluman yang diamalkan oleh Perhimpunan Agung Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu (A/RES/217, 10 Disember 1948 di Palais de Chaillot, Paris). Perisytiharan ini terdiri daripada 30 perkara yang menggariskan pandangan Perhimpunan Agung terhadap hak asasi manusia yang dijamin ke semua rakyat. Rang Undang-undang Hak Asasi Manusia Antarabangsa terdiri daripada Pengisytiharan Hak Asasi Manusia Sejagat, Waad Antarabangsa mengenai Hak-hak Ekonomi, Sosial dan Kebudayaan, dan Waad Antarabangsa mengenai Hak-hak Awam dan Politik dan dua Protokol Pilihannya. Pada tahun 1966, Perhimpunan Agung mengamalkan dua Perjanjian terperinci yang menlengkapkan Rang Undang-undang Hak Asasi Manusia Antarabangsa; pada tahun 1976, setelah perjanjian-perjanjian tersebut ditandatangani sebilangan negara individu yang mencukupi, maka Rang Undang-undang ini memegang kuasa perundangan antarabangsa.

SEJARAH
Sebelum Perisytiharan Hak Asasi Manusia Sejagat diisytiharkan, beberapa negara telah mengisytiharkan pengisytiharan yang seumpamanya, termasuk Undang-undang Hak Asasi England, Undang-undang Hak Asasi di Amerika Syarikat, dan Perisytiharan Hak Asasi Manusia dan Warganegara di Perancis.

PENCIPTAAN
Oleh sebab kekejaman yang dilakukan Jerman Nazi semakin jelas selepas Perang Dunia Kedua, maka masyarakat sejagat bersependapat bahawa Piagam Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu tidak cukup mendefinasikan hak-hak asasi yang dimaksdukannya[perlu rujukan], maka timbulnya keperluan untuk satu perisytiharan sejagat yang menerangkan secara terperinci hak-hak individu. John Peters Humphrey dari Kanada diundang oleh Setiausaha Agung Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu untuk mengerjakan projek ini lalu menjadi menggubal utama Perisytiharan. Humphrey dibantu oleh Eleanor Roosevelt dari Amerika Syarikat, Jacques Maritain dan René Cassin dari Perancis, Charles Malik dari Lubnan, P. C. Chang dari Republik China, dan lain-lain. Perisytiharan ini diratifikasi ketika Perhimpunan Agung pada 10 Disember 1948 melalui undian 48 setuju, 0 tidak setuju, serta 8 pengecualian (semua negara Blok Soviet, Afrika Selatan dan Arab Saudi). Sungguhpun peranan utama yang dimainakn oleh warga Kanada tersebut, namun Kerajaan Kanada mula-mulanya mengecualikan diri daripada mengundi mengenai draf Perisytiharan, tetapi kemudian mengundi untuk menyokong draf muktamadnya di Perhimpunan Agung.
Sebelum Perisytiharan Hak Asasi Manusia Sejagat diisytiharkan, beberapa negara telah mengisytiharkan pengisytiharan yang seumpamanya, termasuk Undang-undang Hak Asasi England, Undang-undang Hak Asasi di Amerika Syarikat, dan Perisytiharan Hak Asasi Manusia dan Warganegara di Perancis.

STRUKTUR DAN IMPLIKASI PERUNDANGAN
Dokumen ini dibentangkan mengikut tradisi undang-undang awam, termasuk satu mukadimah diikuti 30 artikel. Dokumen ini dijadikan sebagai satu kenyataan objektif-objektif yang perlu diikuti kerajaan-kerajaan sedunia. Sebilangan peguam antarabangsa percaya bahawa Deklarasi ini membentuk sebahagian undang-undang antarabangsa adat setta menjadi alatan yang berkuasa dalam menggunakan tekanan diplomatik dan moral terhadap mana-mana kerajaan yang mencabuli mana-mana artikelnya. Persidangan Antarabangsa Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu mengenai Hak Asasi Manusia 1968 memberikan nasihat agar perisytiharan ini "membentuk satu kewajipan untuk ahli-ahli masyarakat antarabangsa" kepada semua orang. Perisytiharan ini telah berfungsi sebagai asas untuk dua waad hak asasi manusia PBB tanpa ikatan yang asal, iaitu Waad Antarabangsa mengenai Hak-hak Awam dan Politik, dan Waad Antarabangsa mengenai Hak-hak Ekonomi, Sosial dan Kebudayaan. Sehingga masa ini, perisytiharan ini masih dipuji oleh para akademik, penyokong, dan mahkamah-mahkamah perlembagaan.

TELL ME WHY by DECLAN

Salam.. hari ini saya ingin menyajikan sebuah lagu yang berkaitan dengan hak kanak-kanak yang diberi nama Tell Me Why nyanyian oleh seorang penyanyi cilik yang bernama Declan. Sungguh, kali pertama mendengar lagu ini benar-benar menusuk ke kalbu saya kerana bagi saya, lagu ini membawa makna yang sangat tersirat untuk difahami. Lagu ini ditujukan khas kepada kanak-kanak di mana ianya menunjukkan bahawa kanak-kanak ini merupakan modal insan yang perlu di jaga dan dilindungi.
Saksikan...

LYRICS:
In my dreams, children sing
A song of love for every boy and girl
The sky is blue, the fields are green
And the laughter is the language of the world
Then I wake and all I see is a world full of people in need

Tell me why,(why) does it have to be like this
Tell me why, (why) is there something I have missed
Tell me why, (why) cause I don't understand
When so many need somebody
We don't give a helping hand
Tell me why

Every day, I ask myself
what will I have to do to be a man
Do I have, to stand and fight
To prove to everybody who I am
Is that what my life is for?
To waste in a world full of war

Tell me why, (why) does it have to be like this
Tell me why, (why) is there something I have missed
Tell me why,(why) cause I don't understand
When so many need somebody
We don't give a helping hand
Tell me why (Tell me why)
Tell me why (Tell me why)
Tell me why (Tell me why)
Just tell me why (why, why, why)

Tell me why, (why) does it have to be like this
Tell me why, (why) is there something I have missed
Tell me why, (why) cause I don't understand
When so many need somebody
We don't give a helping hand

Tell me why (Why why, does the tiger run?)
Tell me why (Why why, do we shoot the gun?)
Tell me why (Why why, do we never learn?)
Can someone tell us why we let the forests burn

(why why do we say we care?) tell me why
(why why do we stand and stare?) tell me why
(why why do the dolphins cry?) tell me why
can someone tell us why we let the ocean die

(why why if we're all the same?) tell me why
(why why do we pass the blame?) tell me why
(why why does it never end?)
can someone tell us why we cannot just be friends

(why why do we close our eyes?)
(why why do we really lie?)
(why why do we fight for land?)
can someone tell us why cause we don't understand

why why?

MUKADIMAH

Assalamualaikum...
Blog ini direka bagi berkongsi mengenai hak asasi manusia. Pada masa kini, kita dapat melihat terdapat banyak hak asasi manusia yang telah dicabuli oleh ramai pihak yang tidak bertanggungjawab. Pada pandangan saya, hak asasi manusia ini perlu dilindungi kerana setiap manusia mempunyai kebebasan untuk hidup.Pada lazimnya, hak asasi manusia adalah berdasarkan kepada perisytiharan yang dibuat oleh Perhimpunan Agung Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu (UN) pada 10 Disember 1948. Perisytiharan ini yang dikenali sebagai Perisytiharan Hak Asasi Manusia Sejagat (UDHR) telah membahagikan hak asasi manusia kepada empat kebebasan utama iaitu:

• kebebasan daripada ketakutan
• kebebasan daripada kemahuan
• kebebasan bersuara
• kebebasan kepercayaan.

Ia menyenaraikan pelbagai hak asasi manusia, daripada hak sivil dan politik sehinggalah hak ekonomi, sosial dan kebudayaan.

Hak kemanusiaan merujuk kepada hak yang dimiliki oleh semua insan. Konsep Hak kemanusiaan adalah berdasarkan andaian bahasa semua insan memiliki satu bentuk hak yang sama, sebagaimana mereka memiliki indentiti insan, yang tidak dipengarahui oleh faktor tempatan, perkauman dan kewarganegaraan.

Pada dasarnya, Hak kemanusiaan boleh difahamkan dari dua segi, yakni dari segi perundangan dan juga dari segi moral. Dari segi perundangan, Hak kemanusian merupakan satu bentuk hak yang dinikmati oleh seorang warganegara seperti apa yang telah termaktub dalam undang-undang negara berkenaan. Contohnya,dalam perlembagaan malaysia terdapat penerangan mengenai hak kemanusiaan yang terlindung di bawah perlembagaan. Percabulan hak kemanusiaan yang berkenaan, mungkin akan membawa kepada tindakan undang-undang yang sewajarnya. Penakrifan hak kemanusiaan dari segi undang-undang adalah berbeza dari satu negara ke satu negara yang lain.

Dari satu segi moral, Hak Kemanusiaan merupakan satu tanggapan moral yang didukung oleh anggota masyarakat. Sehubungan dengan perkara ini, anggota masyarakat akan mengakui wujudnya hak tertentu yang harus dinikmati oleh setiap individu, yang dianggap sebagai "sebahagian daripada sifatnya sebagai manusia", walaupun ia mungkin tidak termaktub dalam undang-undang. Maka anggota-anggota masyarakat berkenaan akan cuba megelakkan diri daripada mencabuli hak masing-masing dengan penuh perasaan moral.

Kewujudan, keabsahan dan isi kandungan Hak kemanusiaan telah menjadi isu pendebatan dalam bidang falsafah dan sains politik. Dari segi perundangan, Hak kemanusiaan telah termaktub dan diberi takrifan dalam undang-undang antarabangsa, dan juga dalam undang-undang bagi sesetengah negara. Walaupun begitu, cara penakrifan dan pelakasaan hak kemanusiaan masih memperlihatkan kepelbagaian.

sumber: Wikipedia